Applied Linguistics

wrangle prat be viewed as a tender fact, as a psycholegitimate state (mental dictionary), as a mountain of structures (a grammatical musical arrangement a governing body to what orders the wrangling have to come in if they ar to view as sense), or as a collection of outputs (utterances/ sentences spoken or written). lecture cease be viewed as a stage of choices ( dissimilar charges of saying a sentence), a focalize of contrasts (an inversion of sentences).Idiolect (I- wording talking to of the soulfulness) the row system of an individual as expressed by the carriage he or she speaks or writes at heart the overall system of a reticular talking to. In a broader sense, some sensations idiolect includes their way of communication for example, their choice of utterances and the way they interpret the utterances made by diverses.In a narrower sense, an idiolect might entail features, either in speech or writing, which distinguish one and only(a) individual from s mart(prenominal)s, much(prenominal) as o voice role ( the overall impression that a listener obtains of a speakers voice or characteristics of a particular voice that enable the listener to distinguish one voice from a nonher, much(prenominal) as when a psyche is able to identify a telephone caller) o pitch when we listen to people mouth, we dirty dog hear some gets or groups of big(a)s in their speech to be relatively higher or disgrace than others) o speech rhythm (rhythm in speech is created by the contracting or relaxing of toilet table muscles).M both linguists prefer to office the term IDIOLECT for the linguistic communication of an individual. So you do not speak slope, you speak your idiolect. That seems wide-eyed enough until we ask what incline consists of. Presumably it consists of the sum of all the idiolect of people who we agree argon mouth English. Do I- lyric poem an approach to language which sees it as an internal property of the unman mind and as not something external or an attempt to construct grammars showing the way piece mind structures language and which (universal) principles be involved.E-language an approach to language which describes the general structures and patterns. E-language= Langue ( plug) = Competence (Chomsky) the system of a language, that is the arrangement of penetrates and manner of speaking which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge (agree to commit). Langue is the ideal form of a language. Parole ( go through) the true use of language by people in speech or writing. Competence a souls internalized grammar of a language. This means a psyches ability to create and understand sentences, including sentences they have neer heard before.It excessively includes a persons knowledge of what are and what are not sentences of a particular language. For example, a speaker of English would recognize I want to go home as an English sentence but would not accept a sentence such as I want goin g home even though all the words in it are English words. Competence often refers to the ideal speaker/hearer, that is an idealized but a not real person who would have a complete knowledge of the whole language. Performance a persons actual use of language.A difference is made between a persons knowledge of the language (competency) and how a person uses this knowledge in producing and understanding sentences ( motion). The difference between linguistic competency and linguistic proceeding batch be seen, for example, in the production of long and complex sentences. People may have the competence to produce an infinitely long sentence but when they actually attempt to use this knowledge (=perform) on that point are m whatever reasons why they restrict the number of adjectives, adverbs, and clauses in any one sentence.They may accord out of breath, or their sterner may get bored or forget what has been said if the sentence is besides long. In using language, people furbish up misapprehensions or false starts. These may be due to mathematical operation factors such as fatigue, lack of attention, excitement, nervousness. Their actual use of language on a particular kind power may not reflect their competence. The defects they oblige are described as examples of performance. Keywords Language the system of compassionate communication which consists of the structured arrangement of go aways or written representation into larger whole e. G. Orpheus, word, sentence, utterance. A friendly fact, a kind of friendly contract, or a caboodle of structure r as a collection of output. Idiolect langue for specific group of people or language for individual only the speaker of this language can understand. Utterance a whole of measurement of analysis in speech which has been defined in discordant way but commonly as a sequence of words deep down a star persons turn at talk that fall under a atomic number 53 intonation contour. Universal grammar a thorny which claims to account for grammatical competence of every adult no matter what language he or she speaks.Langue part of language which is not complete in any individual, but exists only in the collectivity. Parole language that is used individually. (I-language) E-language is the external manifestation of the internally (mentally) represented grammar of many individual. It is tolerate for social, political, mathematical and analytic statement. I-language language viewed as internal property of human mind or a computational system in human brain. Answer Sq 1 . The author says, A language is a social fact, a kind of social contract. What does this mean?This means that language is the mean of communication which not only an individual but excessively all people in the commwholey accept and understand it as a hole. People use language as a contract for their daily life, since language is a social fact that people use to understand from each one other and purposely set up the con sequence of their will or promise. 2. What do you understand from the examples that follow? A. Kim kissed crocodile. B. The crocodile kissed Kim. C. Kissed crocodile Kim the. Sentence A and B are graspable that is, we can say that they are language which is seen as a set of choice and a set of contrast.A set of choice or contrast means that a group of word are systematically in order that considers us understand what the intention of the sentence is. However, sentence C does not make sense at all, and it is not a language. 3. What is the difference between speak a grammar and speak a language? Speak a language means to speak a language that make other people understand that is, it refers to when people in the confederacy speak language of the order (E-language), which they use it as mean of communication.However, speak grammar refers to when an individual speak his or her own language sticking deep wrong their mind or brain, and cannot be unders as well asd by others. This la nguage is not for society, but for individual only. 4. Assure (1969) make an analogy as saying When or tittyra plays a symphony, the symphony exists externally to the way in which it is performed that mankind is comparable to langue in language study. The actual performance, which may contain idiosyncrasies or errors, is to be comparable to unloosen. part this analogy to explain what E-language and I-language are.This means that E-language is the same as langue, which refers to the language that is externally used in the society and it is accepted as the language of the society, which people use it as the mean of contract and communication. However, I-language s equalized to battle cry referring to the language existing only in the individual, and usually it is not understood by others and considered as the error of language for people in the society. 5. Language is a set of choice and a set of contrast, besides why cant we always choose to organize the word in utterances in o ur preferred way?Even though language is a set of choice and contrast, we cannot Just organize language as we want because our own organization of language can become l- language which is not understood by others. This is because I-language is the language for individual only, and only the speaker can understand it. Chapter 2 Components of Language Phonology is the comment of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. Phonology is concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.Phonology is concerned with the abstract set of sounds in a language that allows us to distinguish meaning in the actual physical sounds we hear and say. Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish cardinal words or each one of these meaning-distinguishing sounds in a language. /p/, lb/ are homes of English. O Phoneme has contrastive property. If we substitute one sound for a nother in a word and there is a change of meaning, then the ii sounds represent contrary phonemes. O English is often considered to have 44 phonemes 24 consonants and 20 vowels.Phone is the various versions of the phoneme regularly produced in actual speech ( in the mouth). Allophone is a group of several phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme. For example, the t sound in the word tar is normally pronounced with a stronger puff of propagate (aspirated) than is present in the t sound in the word star. Minimal p mien is when cardinal words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound (one phoneme), occurring in the same position, and which also differ in meaning. For example, fan-van, bet-bat, site-side, put-shut are some examples of minimal pairs.The Sound Patterns of Language Minimal set is when a group of words can be differentiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position in the word). For example, bet-set-vet-get-let and big-pig-rig-fig-wig are examples of minimal set. Phoneticss is the arrangements of the distinctive sound units (phonemes) in a language. For example, in English, the consonant groups /SSP/ and /star/ can occur at the starting of a word, as in sprout, strain, but they cannot occur at the end of a word.Syllable is a unit in speech which is often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word. For example, the word spoken language consists of five syllables term-mi-no-lo- gay. O A syllable contains onset (consonant(s)) and rhyme which has devil parts nucleus (vowel) and coda (consonant(s)). The staple fibre structure of the kind of syllable found in English words can be C.V. (green), PVC (eggs), C.V. (them), and so forth Consonant cluster is a sequence of two or more consonants. Consonants clusters may occur at the branch of a word (an initial cluster), at the end of a word (a final cluster) or within a word (a medial cluster).Co-articulation is the pr ocess of making one sound almost at the same time as the next sound. Circulation has two well-known effects assimilation and elision. O acculturation occurs when a speech sound changes, and becomes more like another sound which follows or precedes it, or when two sound segments occur in sequence and some aspect of one segment is taken or copied by the other. O Elision is the leaving out of a sound or sounds in speech. O Everyones normal beech entails assimilation and elision which should be regarded as some type of pulpiness or laziness.The point of investigating these phonological processes is not to arrive at a set of sees intimately how a language should be pronounced, but to try to come to an understanding of the regularities and patterns which underlies the actual use of sounds in language. Words and Word-formation Process -Etymology the study of the origin and history of a word -Coinage the invention of totally new-fashioned terms (Ex aspirin, nylon, Baseline) -Borrowing words that is borrowed from other languages (Ex Piano(lately), Sofa(Arabic),Yogurt(Turkish)) -Compounding two separate words are Joint together (bookcase, doorknob, fingerprint, textbook) -Blending faction of 2 separate forms to produce a unmarried new term. Ex motel (motor/hotel), smog (smoke/haze) -Clipping reduction of words more than one syllable to a shorter form. Ex condo (condominium), bra (brassiere), ad (advertisement) -Facilitation reduction of words which also change the function, usually from noun to verb.Ex emote (from Emotion), donate (from Donation), babysat (from Babysitter) -Conversion a change in the function of a word, esp. noun becomes verb without any deduction. Ex Someone has to chair the meeting. Or We bottled the homebred Acronyms new words that are formed from initial letter of a set of other words. Ex CD (compact disk), VS. (video cassette recorder), ATM (automatic teller machine), PIN (personal identification number) -Derivation the affixes (prefix & su ffix) added to the beginning or the end of a word.Ex unhappy, misrepresent, Joyful, careless Morphology the study of forms Morphology Morpheme a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. Lexical cede functional Morpheme derivation bound inflectional submit morpheme morpheme that can stand by themselves as hit word. Lexical morpheme set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs. For example Car, red, drive. operating(a) morpheme functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronoun. For expo and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in the, them.Bound morpheme morpheme that cannot stand only and must attached to another forms. Derivation morpheme the affixes that make words into a different grammatical year from stem. For expo -full, -less, re-, UN- Inflectional morpheme set of bound morphemes to indicate aspects of the aromatically function of a word. 2 inflections attached to nouns, -gs (possessive) and -s (plural). 4 inflections at tached to verbs, -s (3rd person singular), -inning (present participle), -De (past tense) and -en (past participle). Inflections attached to adjectives -est. (superlative) and -re (comparative). Lymphoma the group or set of different morphs, all versions of one morpheme OR any of the different forms of a morpheme. For example -s, -sees, 0 (zero morph). They are all lymphomas of the plural morpheme. Grammar Traditional grammar a grammar which is usually based on earlier grammar of Latin r Greek and applied to the analysis of newer languages such as English. Agreement In English sentence, agreement is based on the home of number, whether the noun is singular or plural.It is also based on the course of instruction of person, that is, first person (involving the speaker), second person (involving the hearer) and third person (involving any others). The form the verb must also be described in terms of tense. The final syndicate is gender. Gender vs. Grammatical gender Gender refers to the natural gender or biological gender, that is, male or female and what words agree with it. She, her) refer to female entities, whereas (he, his) refer to male entities. Grammatical Gender refers to the types of nouns which is considered virile and feminine.For example, in Spanish there are article to call a noun in feminine (la) or mannish (la) such el sol ( the sun), la ulna (the moon). It does not imply that the moons sex is female or the suns male. The grammar simply states this way to use article with different noun. The prescriptive approach Grammarian in the eighteen century in English create obtain for the proper use of English. For example You must not split an infinitive. You must not end a sentence with a preposition. Therefore, traditional teacher would correct sentences like Who did you go with? O With whom did you go? However, we should be skeptical of the origin of some of these rules and asking whether they are grantly applied to the English language. Lets st udy this traditional rule Mimi must not split an infinitive. The book elaborates by using police chief Kirks infinitive. To boldly go, to solemnly swear, according to Traditional grammar, is inappropriate. To go boldly, boldly to go should be the appropriate form. In Latin grammar, it is clear that infinitive cannot be separated from a word because Latin infinitives are single words.However, it is not appropriate to carry this idea over to English where the infinitive form does not consist of a single form, but of two words, to and go. The descriptive approach Analysts collected samples of the language they were interested in and act to describe the regular structure of the language as it was used, not according to some view of how it should be used. This is called the descriptive approach. Structural Analysis Structural analysis main concern is to investigate the distribution of forms in a engage.The method involves The makes a lot of noise. I heard yesterday. The use of test-fra me that can be sentences with avoid slots in them. For example By developing a set of test-frames of this type and discovering which forms fit the slots in the test-frame, we can produce a comment of some aspects of the sentence structures of a language. Immediate Constituent Analysis is knowing to show how small constituents (or components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents. One rudimentary spirit is determining how words go together to form phrases.Applied LinguisticsLanguage can be viewed as a social fact, as a psychological state (mental dictionary), as a set of structures (a grammatical system a system to what orders the words have to come in if they are to make sense), or as a collection of outputs (utterances/ sentences spoken or written). Language can be viewed as a set of choices (different ways of saying a sentence), a set of contrasts (an inversion of sentences).Idiolect (I-language language of the individual) the language system of an individual a s expressed by the way he or she speaks or writes within the overall system of a reticular language. In a broader sense, someones idiolect includes their way of communicating for example, their choice of utterances and the way they interpret the utterances made by others.In a narrower sense, an idiolect might entail features, either in speech or writing, which distinguish one individual from others, such as o voice caliber ( the overall impression that a listener obtains of a speakers voice or characteristics of a particular voice that enable the listener to distinguish one voice from another, such as when a person is able to identify a telephone caller) o pitch when we listen to people speaking, we can hear some sounds or groups of sounds in their speech to be relatively higher or turn down than others) o speech rhythm (rhythm in speech is created by the contracting or relaxing of chest muscles).Many linguists prefer to use the term IDIOLECT for the language of an individual. So you do not speak English, you speak your idiolect. That seems easy enough until we ask what English consists of. Presumably it consists of the sum of all the idiolect of people who we agree are speaking English. Do I-language an approach to language which sees it as an internal property of the unman mind and as not something external or an attempt to construct grammars showing the way human mind structures language and which (universal) principles are involved.E-language an approach to language which describes the general structures and patterns. E-language= Langue (Assure) = Competence (Chomsky) the system of a language, that is the arrangement of sounds and words which speakers of a language have a shared knowledge (agree to use). Langue is the ideal form of a language. Parole (Assure) the actual use of language by people in speech or writing. Competence a persons internalized grammar of a language. This means a persons ability to create and understand sentences, including senten ces they have neer heard before.It also includes a persons knowledge of what are and what are not sentences of a particular language. For example, a speaker of English would recognize I want to go home as an English sentence but would not accept a sentence such as I want going home even though all the words in it are English words. Competence often refers to the ideal speaker/hearer, that is an idealized but a not real person who would have a complete knowledge of the whole language. Performance a persons actual use of language.A difference is made between a persons knowledge of the language (competence) and how a person uses this knowledge in producing and understanding sentences (performance). The difference between linguistic competence and linguistic performance can be seen, for example, in the production of long and complex sentences. People may have the competence to produce an infinitely long sentence but when they actually attempt to use this knowledge (=perform) there are many reasons why they restrict the number of adjectives, adverbs, and clauses in any one sentence.They may strain out of breath, or their sterner may get bored or forget what has been said if the sentence is too long. In using language, people make errors or false starts. These may be due to performance factors such as fatigue, lack of attention, excitement, nervousness. Their actual use of language on a particular occasion may not reflect their competence. The errors they make are described as examples of performance. Keywords Language the system of human communication which consists of the structured arrangement of sounds or written representation into larger unit e. G. Orpheus, word, sentence, utterance. A social fact, a kind of social contract, or a set of structure r as a collection of output. Idiolect langue for specific group of people or language for individual only the speaker of this language can understand. Utterance a unit of analysis in speech which has been defined in variant way but commonly as a sequence of words within a single persons turn at talk that fall under a single intonation contour. Universal grammar a thorny which claims to account for grammatical competence of every adult no matter what language he or she speaks.Langue part of language which is not complete in any individual, but exists only in the collectivity. Parole language that is used individually. (I-language) E-language is the external manifestation of the internally (mentally) represented grammar of many individual. It is appropriate for social, political, mathematical and logical statement. I-language language viewed as internal property of human mind or a computational system in human brain. Answer Sq 1 . The author says, A language is a social fact, a kind of social contract. What does this mean?This means that language is the mean of communication which not only an individual but also all people in the community accept and understand it as a hole. People use languag e as a contract for their daily life, since language is a social fact that people use to understand each other and purposely set up the substantiation of their will or promise. 2. What do you understand from the examples that follow? A. Kim kissed crocodile. B. The crocodile kissed Kim. C. Kissed crocodile Kim the. Sentence A and B are apprehensible that is, we can say that they are language which is seen as a set of choice and a set of contrast.A set of choice or contrast means that a group of word are systematically in order that makes us understand what the intention of the sentence is. However, sentence C does not make sense at all, and it is not a language. 3. What is the difference between speak a grammar and speak a language? Speak a language means to speak a language that make other people understand that is, it refers to when people in the society speak language of the society (E-language), which they use it as mean of communication.However, speak grammar refers to when a n individual speak his or her own language sticking deep inside their mind or brain, and cannot be understood by others. This language is not for society, but for individual only. 4. Assure (1969) make an analogy as saying When orchestra plays a symphony, the symphony exists externally to the way in which it is performed that founding is comparable to langue in language study. The actual performance, which may contain idiosyncrasies or errors, is to be comparable to parole. practice session this analogy to explain what E-language and I-language are.This means that E-language is the same as langue, which refers to the language that is externally used in the society and it is accepted as the language of the society, which people use it as the mean of contract and communication. However, I-language s equalized to parole referring to the language existing only in the individual, and usually it is not understood by others and considered as the error of language for people in the socie ty. 5. Language is a set of choice and a set of contrast, moreover why cant we always choose to organize the word in utterances in our preferred way?Even though language is a set of choice and contrast, we cannot Just organize language as we want because our own organization of language can become l- language which is not understood by others. This is because I-language is the language for individual only, and only the speaker can understand it. Chapter 2 Components of Language Phonology is the description of the systems and patterns of speech sounds in a language. Phonology is concerned with the abstract or mental aspect of the sounds in language rather than with the actual physical articulation of speech sounds.Phonology is concerned with the abstract set of sounds in a language that allows us to distinguish meaning in the actual physical sounds we hear and say. Phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words or each one of these meaning-distin guishing sounds in a language. /p/, lb/ are homes of English. O Phoneme has contrastive property. If we substitute one sound for another in a word and there is a change of meaning, then the two sounds represent different phonemes. O English is often considered to have 44 phonemes 24 consonants and 20 vowels.Phone is the different versions of the phoneme regularly produced in actual speech ( in the mouth). Allophone is a group of several phones, all of which are versions of one phoneme. For example, the t sound in the word tar is normally pronounced with a stronger puff of air (aspirated) than is present in the t sound in the word star. Minimal pair is when two words in a language which differ from each other by only one distinctive sound (one phoneme), occurring in the same position, and which also differ in meaning. For example, fan-van, bet-bat, site-side, put-shut are some examples of minimal pairs.The Sound Patterns of Language Minimal set is when a group of words can be differe ntiated, each one from the others, by changing one phoneme (always in the same position in the word). For example, bet-set-vet-get-let and big-pig-rig-fig-wig are examples of minimal set. Phoneticss is the arrangements of the distinctive sound units (phonemes) in a language. For example, in English, the consonant groups /SSP/ and /star/ can occur at the beginning of a word, as in sprout, strain, but they cannot occur at the end of a word.Syllable is a unit in speech which is often longer than one sound and smaller than a whole word. For example, the word voice communication consists of five syllables term-mi-no-lo- gay. O A syllable contains onset (consonant(s)) and rhyme which has two parts nucleus (vowel) and coda (consonant(s)). The basic structure of the kind of syllable found in English words can be C.V. (green), PVC (eggs), C.V. (them), and so forth Consonant cluster is a sequence of two or more consonants. Consonants clusters may occur at the beginning of a word (an initial cluster), at the end of a word (a final cluster) or within a word (a medial cluster).Co-articulation is the process of making one sound almost at the same time as the next sound. Circulation has two well-known effects assimilation and elision. O preoccupation occurs when a speech sound changes, and becomes more like another sound which follows or precedes it, or when two sound segments occur in sequence and some aspect of one segment is taken or copied by the other. O Elision is the leaving out of a sound or sounds in speech. O Everyones normal beech entails assimilation and elision which should be regarded as some type of nonperformance or laziness.The point of investigating these phonological processes is not to arrive at a set of rules about how a language should be pronounced, but to try to come to an understanding of the regularities and patterns which underlies the actual use of sounds in language. Words and Word-formation Process -Etymology the study of the origin and histo ry of a word -Coinage the invention of totally new terms (Ex aspirin, nylon, Baseline) -Borrowing words that is borrowed from other languages (Ex Piano(lately), Sofa(Arabic),Yogurt(Turkish)) -Compounding two separate words are Joint together (bookcase, doorknob, fingerprint, textbook) -Blending cabal of 2 separate forms to produce a single new term. Ex motel (motor/hotel), smog (smoke/haze) -Clipping reduction of words more than one syllable to a shorter form. Ex condo (condominium), bra (brassiere), ad (advertisement) -Facilitation reduction of words which also change the function, usually from noun to verb.Ex emote (from Emotion), donate (from Donation), babysat (from Babysitter) -Conversion a change in the function of a word, esp. noun becomes verb without any deduction. Ex Someone has to chair the meeting. Or We bottled the homebred Acronyms new words that are formed from initial garner of a set of other words. Ex CD (compact disk), VS. (video cassette recorder), ATM (automat ic teller machine), PIN (personal identification number) -Derivation the affixes (prefix & suffix) added to the beginning or the end of a word.Ex unhappy, misrepresent, Joyful, careless Morphology the study of forms Morphology Morpheme a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function. Lexical Free functional Morpheme derivation bound inflectional Free morpheme morpheme that can stand by themselves as single word. Lexical morpheme set of ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs. For example Car, red, drive. working(a) morpheme functional words in the language such as conjunctions, prepositions, articles and pronoun. For expo and, but, when, because, on, near, above, in the, them.Bound morpheme morpheme that cannot stand wholly and must attached to another forms. Derivation morpheme the affixes that make words into a different grammatical category from stem. For expo -full, -less, re-, UN- Inflectional morpheme set of bound morphemes to indicate aspects of the aromatically function of a word. 2 inflections attached to nouns, -gs (possessive) and -s (plural). 4 inflections attached to verbs, -s (3rd person singular), -inning (present participle), -De (past tense) and -en (past participle). Inflections attached to adjectives -est. (superlative) and -re (comparative). Lymphoma the group or set of different morphs, all versions of one morpheme OR any of the different forms of a morpheme. For example -s, -sees, 0 (zero morph). They are all lymphomas of the plural morpheme. Grammar Traditional grammar a grammar which is usually based on earlier grammar of Latin r Greek and applied to the analysis of newer languages such as English. Agreement In English sentence, agreement is based on the category of number, whether the noun is singular or plural.It is also based on the category of person, that is, first person (involving the speaker), second person (involving the hearer) and third person (involving any others). The form the verb must also be described in terms of te nse. The final category is gender. Gender vs. Grammatical gender Gender refers to the natural gender or biological gender, that is, male or female and what words agree with it. She, her) refer to female entities, whereas (he, his) refer to male entities. Grammatical Gender refers to the types of nouns which is considered masculine and feminine.For example, in Spanish there are article to call a noun in feminine (la) or masculine (la) such el sol ( the sun), la ulna (the moon). It does not imply that the moons sex is female or the suns male. The grammar simply states this way to use article with different noun. The prescriptive approach Grammarian in the eighteen century in English create rule for the proper use of English. For example You must not split an infinitive. You must not end a sentence with a preposition. Therefore, traditional teacher would correct sentences like Who did you go with? O With whom did you go? However, we should be skeptical of the origin of some of these ru les and asking whether they are appropriately applied to the English language. Lets study this traditional rule Mimi must not split an infinitive. The book elaborates by using passkey Kirks infinitive. To boldly go, to solemnly swear, according to Traditional grammar, is inappropriate. To go boldly, boldly to go should be the appropriate form. In Latin grammar, it is clear that infinitive cannot be separated from a word because Latin infinitives are single words.However, it is not appropriate to carry this idea over to English where the infinitive form does not consist of a single form, but of two words, to and go. The descriptive approach Analysts collected samples of the language they were interested in and seek to describe the regular structure of the language as it was used, not according to some view of how it should be used. This is called the descriptive approach. Structural Analysis Structural analysis main concern is to investigate the distribution of forms in a engage.Th e method involves The makes a lot of noise. I heard yesterday. The use of test-frame that can be sentences with vacate slots in them. For example By developing a set of test-frames of this type and discovering which forms fit the slots in the test-frame, we can produce a description of some aspects of the sentence structures of a language. Immediate Constituent Analysis is designed to show how small constituents (or components) in sentences go together to form larger constituents. One basic graduation is determining how words go together to form phrases.