Website Evaluation †Apple Store

netsite Evaluation apple interposeIn the recent years, electronic task becomes more(prenominal) widesp depict, and rapidly growing in the whole world. Because of the cost force and coverage, m virtually(prenominal) companies build a website to sell their intersection points on the Internet. One of the just some famous worldwide consumer electronic comp whatever, orchard apple tree Inc. also established an online retentivity which called apple investment company (http// cut in.apple.com) to sell distinct reapings on the Internet from 1997 (Technical update, 1997). The website is widely use in misdirecting the products of apple Inc. by the customers in worldwide. whence, the choice of the website has to be good enough for to numbers of customers. This essay is handout to assess, cover and conclude about the orchard apple tree stock and its e-commerce operation by using different methods of evaluation.Website Purpose OutlineCompany Backg oscillation apple Inc . is nonpareil(a) of the fully growngest consumer electronic and electronic computer company in the world. It provides umpteen famous ironw atomic number 18 products including the iPhone, the iPod series, the iPad and the Mac hardw are products to different types of customers (orchard apple tree Inc. Annual Report, 2010). The company sells its products in more than 300 retail entrepots in various countries from 2010 (Spence, 2010). Other than the website and the retail chime in, orchard apple tree Inc. sells its products by wholesalers, retailers from other(a)wise company, direct gross sales force, third-party cellular network carriers, and foster added resellers at the same time (orchard apple tree Inc. Annual Report, 2010).Website FunctionsApple Store is a website provides various services to customers, which are products explanation, package download, products selling and after sales services.Product DescriptionFinding and filtering schooling for the customers is in-chief(postnominal) to a thriving electronic system since the customers would like to attain the products and services in the easiest means (Ng, Yan and Lim, 2000). Therefore, a good e-business website must nonplus a good take description. Apple Store describes the information of different products in detail for the customers sense the designs and usefulness of the products. Diverse products like the iPod, the iPhone, the iPad, the Mac hardware products, software program and regainories are being set upd by words, videos and pictures in different languages in the website. For the iPod, iPhone, iPad and Apples computers, those features, outlook and technical specifications is being showed in the site. The website horizontal uses video to explain how to use the products in detail to attract the consumers. At the same time, in every description page we tin retrieve a Buy Now button which is a link to the product selling part to agnize the acquire touch on easier ( Apple Store, 2010).Software DownloadApple Store provides many types of software for different products. There are two free and paid software for the customers to better use their hardware products. Like many software yield companies, customers raise choose to buy the software in the universal stores or on the online store. And the software update coffin nail be found on the website for providing new features and fixing the bugs on the products. Also, the software end be downloaded in various languages in the world.Product SellingThe online Apple Store is a channel of product selling to various customers in the world. Customers sack up buy anything which crumb be bought in the Apple retail store including hardware, Apple software, third party software and selected third party accessories on the website. They even give the axe buy the advised refurbished products and the old type products which cannot be bought in the normal store on the online store in a cheaper than normal price (Apple Store, 2010). For the customers who buy the goods on the Apple online store, they can buy the goods on installments without interest.After Sales ServicesThe Apple Inc. provides many after sales services to the customers if they bought the products on the Apple Store. They can check the lecture attitude on the website in revisal to know the process of delivery. When the customers take the product to pose-to doe with in the repair department of Apple, they can check the repair status on the site. And they can get support if they encounter any problem of using the product. The website provides many product using problem solutions to the users (Apple Store, 2010). Therefore, the customers can get help easily from the Apple store website if they set about any problem.Website AnalysesWeb AccessibilityUsers with disabilities have to use the website. Therefore, a good website should be able to let them to utilize it easily. Web Accessibility is a cadence for checking th at whether the users with disabilities can perceive, follow, control, communicate with and contribute to the website (W3C, 2005). For a website, if it is sufficiently flexible to be used by all of assistive technologies, it can be called as an accessible website (Slatin Rush, 2003). For the Apple Store, web handiness pass on be evaluated by whether the website has the essential components if it is accessible to pot with disabilities (W3C, 2005).In content, the prefatorial text and images introduce the product and the purchase instruction. For the people who have blurry vision, they cannot read unless the text is very large (Thatcher, 2005, P. 3). By the way, the text sizing and color cannot be change in each page in the Apple Store website. The minor visual disability people cannot change the text size to what they need when they want to image that page.However, for the product introduction, the Apple Store uses somewhat videos to introduce the major functions and special fe atures of the products, the visual disability people, even the cecity who is completely sightless (Paciello, 2000, P.8), can know more about the product by listening the voice in the videos. But for the auditory people, in that location is no subtitle in the videos for them to understand what is about on the video. At the same time, for the visual disability people who want to make consummation in the website, there is no instruction video or sound about the process of transaction for those people who need it. And even in the transaction page, no access for the visual disability people to make a transaction. Therefore, Apple Store does not provide enough access to disability people.Webqual 2.0Re attend DesignFinding the domain which can smoothen the situation in reality is better than doing artificial laboratory-based experiment (Barnes Vidgen, 2001). By the way, barely analyze one data about the domain is not enough for the website evaluation. Therefore, compare the domain wit h the major adversarys is the best way to evaluate the whole tone of the website. In the layet, there are many competitors of Apple having an online store to sell consumer electronic products (Apple Inc. Annual Report, 2010). The major competitors which are chosen to be evaluated with Apple Store are the Sony expressive style online store (http//www.sonystyle.com), and the HP online store (http//www.shopping.hp.com). The reasons why those websites are being chosen to be compared are because some(prenominal) of them are selling consumer electronic and computer products. At the same time, both lead of them are recommended by the UK consumers (Satmetrix, 2010).Sony is the full-sizegest international conglomerate corporation in Japanese. It is one of the leading company of selling consumer electronic and computer products. Playstation, Sony melody products and Sony laptops are some example of the famous electronic product of Sony (Sony mood, 2010). Sony Style online store is a channel of distribution on the Internet.HP (Hewlett-Packard) is another(prenominal) major competitor of consumer electronic and computer products of Apple Inc. It is a multinational information technology corporation in USA which is famous by its computer products. HP is famed for selling different types of hardware product. methodology40 misgivingnaires have been done from the user of Internet in the worldwide. Questions in the questionnaires are distributed to different countries, different age and different gender people by Internet. The questionnaire is mainly divided into 2 parts to measure those troika websites quality and their view of the importance of the criteria. scratch part is about their basic information, which is about their age group, gender, and near principal(prenominal)ly, whether they have visited those three websites. The data of the interviewees who have not visited those websites are not going to be count in the analysis. The second part is different des criptions of the websites. Each of them uses the scale 1 to 5 to elaborate the interviewees agreeability of the descriptions (Barnes Vidgen, 2001). And the description importance for evaluation is also asked in the questionnaire, in order to know how they feel about the importance of those descriptions. information AnalysisIn the 40 interviewees, 28 of them have visited those Apple Store, Sony Style online store and HP online store. Therefore, only this 28 interviewees questionnaire results are being counted in the analysis. All data which are collected are summarized in display panel 1 in the appendix page. The tag counted are the average marks of the 28 interviewees in each question. All marks are round up to 2 decimal places for evaluation conveniently. According to Barnes, the Webqual can be divided into different categories in SERVQUAL which are tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance and empathy (Barnes Vidgen, 2001). They are going to be the criteria to see how t he quality of those three websites is.Importance of specific question for userAt the beginning, the importance of each description is going to be analyzed first. From the table, we can see the average marks of importance in different descriptions are sooner high. Therefore, most of the descriptions of Webqual are definitive for the interviewees.In aesthetics, the interviewees think having a good outlook is quite important to them (Description 1). It can attract them to stay in the website for a longer time. However, having an abstract build and audio-visual effect (Descriptions 2, 3) are not as important as other criteria, since they are not the critical element for them to stay in the website. Then, veritable (Descriptions 4-6), responsiveness (Descriptions 7-8), competence (Descriptions 9-10), credibility (Descriptions 14-15), and security (Descriptions 16-17) are quite important for the website users. It is because both of the criteria are about the safety of the transaction on that website. The users of website most concern the trust and dependability of it (Jones, Wllikens, Morris and Masera, 2000). However, for navigation (Descriptions 11-13), whether the websites are gentle to find and to return to and find your way around are not important for the interviewees. Only the website has things where they expect to find them is important for the interviewees. Whether the website is easy to give feedback (Description 18) is quite important for the interviewees. For the empathy of the website, websites are quite good in communication (Descriptions 19-21) and their arrest the individual (Descriptions 22-24) are not as important as others.Descriptions comparing surrounded by Three WebsitesReferring to Table 1, the evaluation of interviewees can show the differences mingled with those three websites. In terms of aesthetics, the users think that the Apple Store looks practically better than the Sony Style online store and HP online store. As we can see in those websites, Apple Store provides more pictures and a better tone homepage between those three websites. At the same time, both of them have an appropriate style of design for site type. By the way, only Apple Store creates and audio-visual experience to the users. In the Apple Store website, there are some videos to introduce the major functions and special features of the products. So the Apple Store has a higher(prenominal) overall score of aesthetics.For the navigation, which is the description that the users thinks it is not that important, we can see Apple Store and Sony Style online store have a higher marks of whether it is easy to find and to return to and Apple Store gets a higher marks in it is easy to find your way around. It shows that the Apple Store is easier for the user to find and use. At the same time, the interviewees claim that the three websites have things what they expected to find them.For the reliability, the marks between three websites are quite si milar. It is because both three website are run by big company, which are Apple, Sony and HP. They have to make their websites free from error in order to maintain their credibility. Only about the description about providing up-to-date information, Apple Store get a higher average marks between three websites. It is because after the press conference of the new products, the new products features will be updated immediately on the website next day while the other two websites do not do this kind of update.For the competence, interviewees think that those websites can provide them with professional and competent image and believe they can process transactions competently, again, because both three website are run by the big company. Professional and process transactions competently are important for the credibility for them.For responsiveness, HP online store gives a more clear time for delivery for products or services. It shows what the exact day is for the customers receive the p roduct, while the Apple and Sony website only show the estimate day of delivery which is not enough for the customers. At the same time, the access of three websites is good for the interviewees, both of them are easy to give feedback or contact the company.By the way, for the credibility and security, Apple Store has a higher mark compare with other two websites. It is because the Apple website is more famous in dealing with online trading and many of the interviewees have done the transaction through Apple website. Therefore, it has a higher mark in compare with the two other websites. For the empathy, both websites does not have a good mark since the website does not convey this culture to the website users.In conclusion, Apple Store gets the highest marks between three websites in the evaluation. Therefore we can see Apple website is the best in the group of consumer products websites.E-commerce transaction EvaluationValue Creation modelValue Creation is important for a company . According to Mathur and Kenyon, it is about the design of future competitive offerings for the fiscal success of a company (Mathur and Kenyon, 2001) and the company have to beat the competitor by the order creation (Phillips, 2003).NoveltyApple.com provides a feature that the customers can order the products in multiple configurations. They can customize what they buy on the website. For example, when a customer orders a Macbook Pro, he can choose the processor, memory, artistic production card, hard drive he like. This feature is a novelty in the online store market when it was first revealed. It creates value by eliminating inefficiencies in bargain for process for the customers. Because the customers can chose the product configurations according to their personal needs. So it is easier for them to purchase on the Internet.Customers can buy certified refurbished products on the Apple online store. The certified refurbished products are the products which undergo a rigorous refurbishment process front to being offered for sale in a price which is cheaper than the normal price. It creates value by creating entirely new markets which is the market of the customers who like buying cheaper product. At the same time, it can help the company to sell the refurbished products. And because it is selling on the official website, it is more reliable for the consumers.The Apple Store let the customers etching their iPod if they make an order on the website. They can make some change words on their iPod by the laser engraving. The text will be engraved near the top, on the back of the iPod. Any different types of iPod can use this service if the customers buy the iPod on the apple website. It creates values by capturing latent consumer need which is personalized design of their iPod.EfficiencyThe Apple online store provides the consumers with efficiency in different aspects. First of all, the information asymmetries between the Apple online store and the buyer ha ve be reduced since the website provides all information which the buyer need in deciding whether purchasing, including the price of all different product, all possible discount, the price of adding different customize part in the products. Unlike in the normal store, the buyers have enough information in reservation the decision on buying a product or not. Therefore, we can say the information asymmetries between each group have been reduced.At the same time, the searching and bargaining cost of the buyer has been reduced by using the Apple online store. They do not have to search in different store since the price of the Apple Store is merged in the market. Therefore, their decision making pace will be fast than in the normal store since they have enough information to making the purchasing decision.ComplementaritiesApple Store provides with vertical complementarities to the customers which are after sales services. On the website, when you login your purchasing account, many i ndividual information about your purchasing can be shown on the webpage. Delivery status, repair status can be checked on the site. Then the buyers can easily develop the usage of their products after the purchase. If they have any problem of using the product, many supporting service are available on the website for the buyers. They can straddle the instructions about the using problem on the website. And also read the guideline from the website.For the horizontal complementarities, in some promotion, the buyers can buy the computer with the printer of the partner firms. This cooperation between the company helps to create value that the customers can have the bundle of products and get the value create from the cooperation.Lock-InIn the Apple online store, it provides many services that create value for the customers. For the customers who have purchased in the Apple online store, they will receive the email about the latest news about the store, which is about the latest produc ts, latest software download or some news about the company. When the customers can see the email regularly, they will be locked in with the company. And the email have the link for the customers to know more boost information about the new, which make some potential purchasing for the company.Also, personalization for the customers appears in the Apple online store. After the first transaction between the customer and Apple store, the customer can turn the one click ordering function in the website with entering the credit card and personal information in the website. The customer is then allowed to purchase anything on the Apple Store with wholeness click on the website (Apple Store, 2010). This personalization service for the customers let them to purchase in the website easier and amplification the sales of the Apple Store.ConclusionIn conclusion, Apple Store is one of the best electronic business website. In the evaluation, we can see the website quality of Apple Store is on the top in between the competition. At the same time, it provides with values in different aspects. By the way, the web accessibility is not good enough for the use of disability. The company has to put more effort in this aspect. (3243 words)ReferencesArticle in a ledgerNg, W.W., Yan, G. and Lim, E.P. (2000), manifold Product Description in Electronic Commerce. ACM SIGecom Exchanges, 1(1)Barnes, S., and Vidgen, R. (2001), An evaluation of cyber-bookshops the WebQual method. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 6(1), 11-30Amit, R. and Zott C. (2001), Value creation in E-Business. Strategic Management Journal, 22(6-7), 493-520Jones, C., Wllikens, M., Morris, P., and Masera, M. (2000), trust requirements in e-business. Magazine Communications of the ACM, 12(43), 81-87Mathur, S.S and A. Kenyon (2001), Creating Value Successful Business Strategies, Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford entertainThatcher, J. (2006). Understanding Web Accessibility, Web accessibility web standards an d regulatory compliance, FriendsofED, 3Paciello, Michael G. (2000). Introducing Web Accessibility, Web Accessibility for People with Disabilities, CMP Books, 8Slatin, J. and Rush, S. (2003). Maximum accessibility, Addison-Wesley, recent York.Phillips, P. (2003). E-business strategy text and cases, London McGraw-Hill.WebsiteApple Annual Report (2010), phx.corporate-ir.net/External.File? token=UGFyZW50SUQ9Njc1MzN8Q2hpbGRJRD0tMXxUeXBlPTM=t=1, Accessed declination 2010Nick Spence (2010), Grand opening of Apples 300th retail store brings Covent Garden to a standstill, www.macworld.co.uk/digitallifestyle/news/index.cfm?olo=rssNewsID=3234571, Accessed December 2010Technical Update (1997), Apple Online Store Orders Top 12 Million Dollars in First Month, www.uc.edu/ucitnow/winter_98/apple.html, Accessed December 2010W3C (2005), Introduction to Web Accessibility, www.w3.org/WAI/intro/accessibility.php, Accessed December 2010W3C (2005), Essential Components of Web Accessibility, www.w3.org/W AI/intro/components.php, Accessed December 2010Satmetrix (2010), First Direct, Sony, Saga, O2 and Apple, Among the Most Recommended Brands According to 8,000 UK Consumers, www.satmetrix.com/company/press-and-news/pr-archive/pr20100618/, Accessed December 2010Apple Store (2010), What is 1-Click?, store.apple.com/Catalog/US/Images/oneclickfaq.html, Accessed December 2010

The Consequences Of Passive Listening English Language Essay

The Consequences Of still Listening English Language EssayPassive establish word come outs when a person is fully awargon of a lecture, Conversation, or slightlything audio that is going on in his or her presence b bely the person does non react to it. This essay is going to attempt to justify in details the consequences of resistless auditory modality.A nonoperational auditor does non interrupt the speaker or perform whatever action any(prenominal) at the same time in which the speaker is introduceing his or her speech. In most gaucheries, a dormant listener does not nod his or her head, b rough other confiscate facial expressions, and make eye contacts with the speaker or any other action that indicates whether a person is paying solicitude or not. When a person concentrates on making non-verbal cues (nodding, eye contacts and so on), then he or she is probably not paying a lot guardianship in other words, perceive passively because those actions come of c ourse to a person who is actively listen i.e. he or she does not moderate to concentrate on doing them. In some(a) cases, passive hearing is associated with savants in the class room. A student who is listening passively to a lecture barely pays attention to details but at the check of the lecture, the student tends to remember 10% or less of the information passed with during the lecture session. This is because although the student was not paying much attention to the details, the student impart zone in and surface of his or her mind at regular intervals and in the process accident solelyy take in some valu satisfactory information. Usually, passive listening in students is caused by a damp lecture or an interruption in which a student is attracted to for example, cubicle phones. It is not always the fault of the lecturer because some topics are tedious by nature.Despite all the reasons and excuses a student might have for his or her lack of interest during lectures, th e consequences for this action willing have to be put into consideration because it tail adversely affect a persons academic participation and result. Listening passively without checking in on a chat to verify whether or not you have correctly received the subject matter often leads to deviation from accuracy in communication. By merely macrocosm in a conversation without insinuating questions or active accounts that divulge the speakers touchable message, a persons personal ideas might begin to mold about the presumptive implication of the message instead of the tangible meaning. An example is when an apprentice technician joins the consultation in an inaugural lecture. If he listens passively, he will only contend to tick wind of the sounds, he will be unable to meaningfully identify the spoken cues, talk less of correctly interpreting what has been said. This will result in errors in the persons solutions or answers. If a person is listening passively, then the person is not speaking. Effective communication allows both the message sender and the receiver to express themselves in an even exchange of ideas.A passive listener positions an indirect comparison to a cobblestone, you can elate it and you know it is there, but it seems incapable of absorbing anything that you are saying. The reason wherefore passive listening is mostly associated with students is because it occurs mainly with teenagers. Passive listening requires a lot of focus because a passive listener severely focuses on what he or she is listening to but is not doing anything apart from listening meaning he or she is not absorbing any information. The render on unmonitored focus affects a persons ability to understand. A person can store information correctly in the brilliance only when both the mind and brain of the individual are relaxed. Straining the brain to listen without any interest on details therefore results in a persons lack of understanding, wastage of time and pos sibly head ache or brain clogging.Some other practitioners of passive listening techniques are those attempting to learn a foreign nomenclature the audio way that is through an mp3 player or an audio CD player. This is common because when advertising these products, the marketing team make promises of satisfying results to whoever uses them. They include attractive slogans like learn French the well up-situated way just by listening to this audio CD euphonyal composition finishing your chores. If a person is performing a task spell listening to something, then the person is listening passively. The shocking truth is that passive listening cannot get a person to fluency in a oral communication because it ever rarely produces any good results. What is even worse is that it will not help the ability of the person to understand the language he or she is attempting to learn. It is a fact that a passive listener is unable to correctly store, interpret and recall information, this f act also applies to a language learner who is listening passively. In plain words, a language learner who is listening passively will not be able to store, interpret and recall what has been said because language learning needs some amount of focus and understanding.In some cases, a person does not deliberately listen passively to a lecture or speech, passive listening can occur due to absent mindedness. In this situation, the address of this action is either the speaker or the listener. The speaker can be the cause of passive listening in an individual if his or her express volume is too low and the listeners will have to strain their ears to listen. in that location will come a point in time when the listeners will eventually give up on listening to the lecture because they are tired of straining their ears and the rest of the valuable information the speaker has to deliver will pass by the listeners ears and go to waste. There is also the case of complexity. When the speaker is using too many complex words or unnecessary issues and details, the listener tends to zone out and start to imagine all sorts of consequences for the discussion at hand and in the process fall backing out on some of the important key points. The listeners can also be at fault because at times, they focus on passing perspicaciousness on the speaker, topic or lecture so much that they draw a blank the currently important speech they are supposed to be actively listening to and as a result they listen passively and miss out on the most important parts of the lecture.In my look I have learnt that the word consequence means outcome. The outcome of an final result can be both good and bad since everything that has an advantage has a disadvantage. Everything I have mentioned on passive listening so out-of-the-way(prenominal) has been negative but it also has its own advantages. People have a medley of reasons to listen passively by due deliberation, in other words, by choice. Pass ive listening by choice does not occur amongst teenagers only it is a mode of listening adopted by a lot of people in this world since an era before now. The electro compulsive thing about the variety of people that adopt the passive listening mode is that most of them use it in their leisure hours not when they are supposed to be listening to something important. For instance, after a long eld studying and sports, a teenage high school female child finally freshens up to go to bed. As she lay on her bed, it is possible that the eternal rest does not come to her eyes immediately. This is an appropriate time to adopt passive listening. The girl can play a slow music that makes her quality relaxed and comfortable to assist her exhausted mind in getting some rest and sleep. Judging from the intention behind playing the slow music, the appropriate mode of listening is passive. This is because the girl might be very well into the music but she will only listen to the soothing waves of sounds the music is producing without making an attempt to pay attention to the lyrics. Another instance is when a house wife is struggling with the daily household chores while her preserve is away at work and her kids in school. She can play any type of music she sees fit while she works and she will get the job well done in no time because her attention on both the work and music will be passive. The positive results that passive listening produce here is that it will help the girl get some sleep without stressing her mind about it since she will not be paying attention, and it will help the house wife to get the job done without feeling bored and lonely.In conclusion, the main points mentioned higher up is that if passive listening is adopted when listening to lectures or something important, it is considered to be a bad habit because it produces negative results. If passive listening is adopted when listening to an mp3 or radio then it is positive and even recommended.

Influence of Location on Ecology Views

Influence of repair on Ecology ViewsCity, rural and Costal backgrounds Does Location Influence our medical prognosis on ecology?Rebecca Anne ChesserSummaryConservation has gradu eithery g mavin from live onence an issue to a select few, to directly a global phenomenon. The far-flung harmful aspects of human activity on the biophysical environment have a bun in the oven r sever on the wholeyed ruinous levels. The amount of greenhouse gas in the atmosphere is already to a higher(prenominal) place the threshold that thunder mug potentially cause dangerous climate change. We be already at risk, its not abutting year or next decade, its now. Report from the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). Although the deadening up until now is somely irreversible, saving is the key to limiting some(prenominal) merely damage to the global environment. If these issues are not urgently addressed the list of animals on the endangered species list go out exponen tially increase at an frighten rate. The afterlife welfare of the planet, flora and fauna depends on how the world responds to the afoot(predicate) global crisis. Human beings are guilty of robbing the world of its inwrought resources, expoundakeing eco dodgings and habitats of fantastic animals. Re-education of how we manage the earth and its resources, and the animals and planets which live in it, is vital for future generations. With this in mind, this postulate give look to see if location, either urban, rural or coastal, has a direct effect on ones cognition and accord of the natural world around them, and whether or not this impacts their attitudes towards conservation and animal welfare issues. This forget hopefully make way for future research in order to raise awareness of what communities are more than likely to be lax about environmental issues, and could benefit from more in airation/conservation schemes to improve the world in which we inhabit.Research pr iming coatMuch of the previous research in this area has focused largely on cross- cultural studies, which observed the relation between how quite a little carry character and how they act in it. Tragedy of the commons is a system proposed by Garrett Hardin, according to which individuals, acting independently and rationally according to each ones self-interest, behave contrary to the whole groups long-term best interests by depleting most common resource (Hardin, 1968). The concept is often cited in connection with sustainable development, meshing economic growth and environmental protection, as well as in the debate over global warming. Commons can admit the atmosphere, oceans, rivers, fish stocks, national parks and all other shared resource. The cataclysm of the commons occurs when individuals neglect the well-being of society in the pursuit of individual(prenominal) gain and thus it is this attitude, which varies largely across cultures, which has become one of the most central, yet diverse, problems in environmental welfare decision qualification. A tot up of researchers have however noted many examples in which commons have been and are being successfully managed (Atran, 1986 Berkes, Feeny, McCay, Acheson, 1989 Deitz, Ostrom, Stern, 2003 Ostrom, 1999). Key factors in these successes include a closed-access system and having social institutions in place to monitor use and revenge overusers. This again shows that depending on the measures in a particular location, the outcome of peoples attitudes towards conservation and ecology can be influenced.Lopez, et al, (1997) found that US undergraduates and Itza Maya of Guatemala showed a contrasting pattern of responding on a category-based inductive cogitate task involving mammals, indicating a clear difference in friendship and understanding the essendial nature and underlying properties of animals ranging across two very different cultures.In a two part study carried out Schultz, results showe d that musicians instructed to government issue the perspective of an animal being harmed by pollution checkd significantly higher in biospheric environmental connects than role players instructed to perch objective (Schultz 2000). This implies that concern for environmental issues is fundamentally plug ined to the degree to which people view themselves as part of the natural environment. This implies a potential link between location and knowledge of nature, and levels of concern for both environmental and animal welfare which is what this future investigation aims to distinguish. speculationIn relation to the previous research carried out, which illustrated that there is a link between location and understanding the essential nature and underlying properties of plants and animals, it exit be expected that 1 urban dwellers go away have slight arrest of country, shore and sea life and give therefore have a slighter knowledge of the essential nature- and the underlying p roperties of both plants and animals, meaning they willinging score less than country and coastal dwellers on the knowledge of nature scratch of the questionnaire. 2 This will therefore lead to urban dwellers being less enthusiastic about conservation issues, payable to rural/coastal dwellers witnessing, start hand, the effects of environmental issues damaging their surrounding areas more obviously than in less green urban areas- (oil covered birds, woodlands destroyed etc). 3 Urban dwellers will also be less passionate regarding issues to do with the treatment of animals, due to reduced opposition with them, and more physical distance from many animals, compared to alive in the countryside or coastally, meaning they will also score less on both attitudes towards conservation of the environment and attitudes towards the treatment of animals partitionings. The null system would be that participants location does not directly impact their knowledge of the essential nature and underlying properties of plants and animals, nor does it directly influence their attitudes towards conservation and animal welfare.MethodEquipmentParticipants will be briefed and a consent form will be completed online. Participants will then be asked to consume in an online questionnaire which should take no longer than half an hour to complete. The package platform for this online questionnaire will be TypeForm.ParticipantsParticipants will most likely be both male and female university and college students around the age of 18-25, with varying races and socio-economically backgrounds. Participants will be mostly self-selected to participate having chosen this study to fulfil a research participation requirement scheme (STREP) enforced By Heriot atomic number 74 University. The questionnaire whitethorn also be sent to several other students at different university and college campuses in and around Edinburgh.Data CollectionData will be collected using an online survey. The q uestionnaire will be organised to secure that questions are grouped into 4 categories. Participants will receive a score for each section- 1 Location of the participant- including previous locations, location preferences, how often they visit coastal/country areas if they arent coastal or country dwellers etc 2 Attitudes towards conservation of the planet- such as recycling, which environmental issues they are concerned with, how green they analyze their lifestyle to be etc 3 Attitudes towards how animals are treated- views on vegetarianism, hunting, animal testing, free range, animals as pets, animals in internment etc 4 *Still developing a way in which I can assess participants knowledge of essential nature- and the underlying properties of both plants and animals*VariablesDue to this study being observational, no manipulation of variables has occurred. The predictor variable for this study will be location of the participants, and the three outcome variables will be 1 knowledg e of the essential nature and underlying properties of plants and animals, 2 attitudes towards conservation, 3 attitudes towards animal welfare.MeasuresNo scales or measures exist for either the predictor variable nor the outcome variables of this study, therefore the questionnaire will be tailored to attain sufficient information from each section to put up a score to be allocated to each participant for each of the quatern sections. Each section will have between ten and cardinal questions. Firstly the questions will be assessing the location of the participant- most importantly whether they consider themselves to live in an urban, country, coastal or suburban area. Also include in this section will be questions to do with the length of clock date the participant has lived in Great Britain, how often the participant engages with the outdoors, if they have any access to parks or country walks nearby, if they have a duty that involves working outdoors for extended periods of t ime, and also basic factors such as gender, age and ethnicity. Secondly, questions will be asked about attitudes towards energy conservation. This encompasses recycling, travel, lifestyle choices etc, which all could be seen to negatively impact global warming and conservation. Thirdly, questions about attitudes towards the regard as of animals will be asked- dietary choices, opinions on animal testing, hunting sports and keeping animals in captivity.The fourth element of the questionnaire is going to be a calculate match (similar to that antecedently conducted in Cultural Dierences in Childrens ecologic Reasoning and Psychological Closeness to Nature Evidence from Menominee and European American Children (Unswortha et al). TypeForm Software allows a picture match, so 4 pictures will be presented, two will be matched somehow- ie. Same diet, both give render to live young, both live underground, both young are called kits etc, the participant scores 1 eyeshade for every pair co rrectly selected. on that point will be other multiple choice questions in this section to further assess the participants knowledge and understanding of nature, animals, plants and the planet. Again, the point scoring will continue- 1 point for every correct swear out. For all questions there will also be an survival to pass on the question, this will be in place to minimise participants randomly guessing, or cheating in order to avoid feeling embarrassed by selecting the wrong reactions. scratchs will be scored using a point system for example one question could be Which do you use more- bathtub or shower- due to a shower conserving water, if this answer was selected the participant would receive 2 points, if they selected bath they would receive 1 point and so on. Participants will end up with 4 scores- one for location, one for conservation, one for animal treatment and one for knowledge of nature.ie. Rural participant may score 32 out of a possible 50 for conservation, whe reas an urban participant may only score 19.ProcedureParticipants who chose to take part in this study by either signing up on the STREP system or finished email, will be sent a brief if the study and a consent form. The brief will outline what the study will entail and stated that the participants will remain anonymous, with the exception of providing information regarding their age and sex, and will explain that participants have the option to withdraw from the study and ask for the data t not be used at any point. Once the consent form is signed, the participants will be asked to complete the online questionnaire. The participants will then be given a debriefing and, if applicable, be awarded their STREP credits.AnalysisThe data will be analysed using SPSS. (***Unsure which tests to use***)LimitationsThere could be many problems and limitations to this study. With time and funds restrained sample size will be extra and not representative of the entire population raising questio ns of the validity and business leader to generalise the findings of the study. Many of the students asked to fill out the question may answer the questions untruthfully or may skip some questions, and some may drop out the study leading to missing data.ReferencesAtran, S. (1986). Hamula patrican organisation and mashaa commonstenure in Palestine. Man, 21, 271295Atran, S., Medin, D. L. and Ross, N. (2005). The cultural mind environmental decision making and cultural modeling within and across populations. Psychological Review 112, 744-776.Bailenson, J. N., Shum, M., Atran, S., Medin, D. L. and Coley, J. D. (2002). A birds eye viewbiological categorization and ratiocination within and across cultures. Cognition 84, 1-53. Berkes, F., Feeny, D., McCay, B., Acheson, J. (1989, July 13). Thebenefit of the commons. Nature, 340, 9193.Dietz, T., Ostrom, E., Stern, P. (2003, December 12). The cope togovern the commons. Science, 302, 19071912.Gelman, S. A. (2003). The Essential Child. New York Oxford University Press.Lopez, A., Atran, S., Coley, J., Medin, D. (1997). The tree of life universal and cultural features of folkbiological taxonomies and inductions. Cognitive Psychology, 32, 251295Ostrom, E. (1999). Coping with tragedies of the commons. Annual Reviewof Political Science, 2, 493535Schultz, W. P. (2000). Empathizing with nature The eects of perspective taking on concern for environmental issues. Journal of accessible Issues 56, 391-406.Walker, S. J. (1999). Culture, domain specificity and conceptual change Natural kind and artefactconcepts. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 17, 203-219.SCHOOL OF LIFE SCIENCES ETHICS COMMITTEE diligence Form (click on the grey boxes to insert text)Section A externalize OverviewProject TitleCity, rural and Costal backgrounds Does Location Influence our mental capacity on ecology?2. Approval sought Full approval Re-Submission In principle Contact Information3. Responsible Staff Membera) nurture Thusha Rajendran b) Telephone +44 (0)131 451 34564. Investigator (if different from Responsible Staff Member)a) titleb) Telephonec) Email5. Duration of Proposed Project February 2014 6. Anticipated Start envision February 20147. Does the proposed research involve human participants or living animals in any way?Yes No Note. Involvement of human participants includes obtaining information from people through methods such as experiments, observation, surveys or interview, or any use of previously obtained personal data, or any use of human tissue samples.If your answer to Question 7 is yes complete the rest of the form if it is no, exactly sign the declaration at the end of the form.8. Please provide a brief summary of the proposed study (if possible, in less than 300 words. acknowledge an overview of the design, variables, and other ethically-pertinent considerations). Feel free to attach a document if convenient.Section B AdministrationSection C Ethical ConsiderationsSection D Further Informatio n Regarding Ethical ConsiderationsIf you responded No to any questions in section B, or Yes to any questions in Section C, please provide further information, indicating how you would address this issue. Please be as comprehensive as possible, as this will speed the process for the referees and may avoid the need to contact you for further information or clarification.

Overview of Epilepsy

everywhereview of EpilepsyEpilepsyT satisfactory of ContentsIntroduction . Page 1What is epilepsy? . Page 2Diagnosis Page 2-4Types of Seizures . Page 5-9Types of Treatments . Pages 9-10Further explore Pages 11-12Physiological issues with Epilepsy .. Page 12Conclusion .. Pages 12-13References .. Pages 14-15IntroductionEpilepsy is a neurological incommode that targets 1 in 100 wad in northbound America. Epilepsy is one of in truth more or less diseases with kayoed a definite be cured _or_ healed. In item scientists to this twenty-four hours brooknot blueprint out what triggers these raptuss. This is quite amazing con casering the modern technologies music uses today. Throughout my paper I leave behind explain what epilepsy is and what happens during an epileptic capture, I will cover the different categories of transports, how doctors diagnose epilepsy, and different causas of treatment to religious service the long-sufferings with epilepsy.What is epilepsy?Epilep sy is a neurological disorder that attacks the nervous system. An early(a) term for epilepsy is raptus disorder (www.epilepsy.com). To this day the exact factor that triggers an epileptic gaining control is un cognise. In other words epileptic ecstasys argon idiopathic (Ogden, 2005). Seizures f tout ensemble out when as well as m each soul cells get excited at the very(prenominal) time. A seizure is like an galvanic squeeze in your headspring. During this galvanic storm your mentality kindlenot perform its usual tasks, create sudden changes in behaviour, sensations, movement, and sentiency (www.epilepsysociety.org.uk). A typical seizure unremarkably ultimately between a few reciprocal ohms, to a few minutes. Once the seizure is finished the dupe enters a post-ictal period. (The greek word post meaning after, and the Hellenic drub ictal meaning seizure http//www.behindthename.com). During this post-ictal period, which can conk out from seconds to hours, the ence phalon begins recovering, and the victims aw arness will gradually increase. It is super acid to hold confusion and drowsiness during this material luggage compartment.DiagnosisEpilepsy is the conditions of having spontaneous seizures. This means having one seizure is not enough to be diagnosed with epilepsy, at that place must be both or more(prenominal). To be considered an epileptic seizure the seizure must occur spontaneously, without a direct factor (www.epilepsy.com). Doctors use third principal(prenominal) ship canal to diagnose epilepsy.Neurological History Doctors must be given particular(prenominal) description of previous seizures in the past. Such as how long they lasted, what were you doing when the seizure occurred, what was your containencys behaviour/feeling out front the seizure took place, and your bodys behaviour after the seizure ended (www.modernmedicine.com) People who gestate from having seizures do not remember what happens while a seizure ta kes place. That being said a description from a witness to your seizures could be very beneficial (www.epilepsyfoundation.org).Electroencephalograph An electroencephalograph or an EEG is the just about common tool employ to diagnose epilepsy. An EEG measuresthe galvanizing signals come backed from one neuronto another indoors the wizard(www.epilepsyfoundation.org) ( see image 1).To measure these electrical signals doctorsattach wires, known as electrodes, on thepatients scalp (www.chp.edu). During an EEGno electricity is taken from the patients hotshot,and no electricity is injected into the patients psyche. The EEG simply measures the electrical current travelling through the patients brain.Magnetic plangency Imaging a magnetic resonance imaging or magnetic resonance imaging is a procedure used to create circumstanceed images of the damaged sports stadium of your body. When examine epilepsy an magnetic resonance imaging can show damaged regions of your frontal lobe. (see figure 2) Wu XingXiaovi WangFangfang Xie Weihua, L. (2013) An magnetic resonance imaging is done by utilise a large region of radio waves. An MRI is much more sound than an EEG, the neuron images created from an MRI shows exactly where the damaged area of the brain is (Robert F. LaPrade) From there procedures can make to repair or remove the damaged section of the frontal lobe that is causing epileptic seizures.Types of epileptic SeizuresEpileptic seizures are a very long term. When diagnosing the casing of epileptic seizures doctors categorize in deuce main categories uncomplete seizures, and primary extrapolate seizures. Within these two main categories there are more specific character references of seizures (Stephen C. Schachter).The setoff category is primary constituentralized seizures. When a primary generalized seizure takes place both sides of the brain are affected at once, with a large amount of electrical discharge at the same time. The body is then acco mpanied by sudden movements, loss of sensation, or loss of consciousness. There are three types of primary generalized seizuresClonic seizure (Grand Mal) This type of seizure that most population visualize when they hear the word seizure. When a clonic seizure takes place the victim will constrain and lose consciousness. This is the refreshed phase. The tonic phase usually lasts from thirty seconds, to a equal minutes (www.hopkinsmedicine.org). Next the bodys muscles then start to extort and back will begin to arch, and elbows and legs will start the flex. The last phase of the clonic seizure is jerking. The victim will lose all defy of their body and will begin to jerk uncontrollably, this phase usually lasts nigh two or three minutes (www.nlm.nih.gov).Absence seizures (Petit Mal) Absence seizures disjuncture the victim from the world for a librate of a few seconds. This type of seizure is triggered from ab common use in the brain. Absence seizures occur loosely in chi ldren (www.epilepsy.com). There are two types of absence seizure seizure Simple absence seizures, and Complex absence seizures.Simple Absence seizure Usually last ten seconds or less. During these ten seconds the person zones out or stares kill into the distance. This type of seizure is very difficult to diagnose (www. whitethornoclinic.org).Complex absence seizures Usually lasts twenty seconds or less. During this time period then victim will zone out still will as well be doing some sort of movement, such(prenominal) as chewing, blinking, hand motions, or draw their fingers. (www.epilepsy.com).Myoclonic seizures A myoclonic seizure is very brief, all lasting a matter of seconds. During this few seconds both sides of your body has sudden jerks at exactly the same time. During a myoclonic seizure the patient does not lose consciousness and does not throw glowering some(prenominal) repositing loss (Orrin Devinsky, 7/2013). A myoclonic seizure can be compared to being in contact with a bingle jolt of electricity, sudden hiccups, or the jolt of waking up from intermission state very quickly (www.hopkinsmedicine.org) (Orrin Devinsky, 7/2013). Like absence seizures, myoclonic seizures are hard to diagnose and usually over looked because the seizures are so brief.The second category is partial seizures. When partial seizure takes place there is a large amount of electrical discharge in a true area of the brain (Mary Ellen Ellis, July 25, 2012). Since only a specific location of the brain is effected, only a specific location of the body will be effected, depending on the location of the seizure in the brain. There are two types of partial seizures Complex partial seizures, and simple partial seizures.Simple partial seizures A typical simple partial seizure usually last between 30 seconds to two minutes (emedicine.medscape.com). When a patient has a simple partial seizure they are fully awake, alert, and able to move with peers around them. The pat ient not bad(p) power lose one of their senses temporarily, be otiose to move one of their fingers, or even stiffen one of their body parts (www.epilepsy.com). For the seizure to be considered a simple partial seizure memory, awareness, and consciousness must be preserved.Complex partial seizure corresponding to simple partial seizures, a hard partial seizure typically last between 30 seconds and two minutes (emedicine.medscape.com). During a complex partial seizure there are symptoms known as automatisms. Automatisms consist of lip-smacking, chewing, walking or pacing back and forth, swallowing, patting or fumbling (emedicine.medscape.com). A main difference between the two types of partial seizures is consciousness, awareness, or memory is impaired.Unlike primary generalized seizures, partial seizures usually have a prototype sign to inform the patient a seizure is near. This warning sign is called an aura (Columbia University, P. (2013)). An aura usually takes place a few seconds, or a few minutes before the seizure occurs. glorioles can come in many different ways, such as numbness, headaches, being light-headed, upset stomach, dizziness, the sensation of fear, forced thinking, ab general sensations, or unusual tingle in a certain area of your body. When an epileptic patient senses one or more of these symptoms there is high chance a partial seizure will be soon to conjoin (William H. Blahd, Jr, August 25, 2011).Types of Epileptic TreatmentThe most common type of epileptic treatment is anti-epileptic do drugss or AEGs. With over twenty different choices seventy part of epileptic patients choose anti-epileptic drugs. Although these medications to not cure epilepsy, it only suppresses the seizures (see figure 3, puzzle out up on the top of the next page) (www.webmd.com). The way this medication works is by lowering the amount of electricity each neuron passes in the brain. This type of treatment is very useful in cases of generalized seizures. T he only bulge out fall from using anti-epileptic drugs is the side effects and because the medication acts on the brain and the body there is numerous side effects. The main four side effects are headaches, balancing anesthetises, more difficult to focus your eyes, and trouble thinking fitly. This medication is not guaranteed to work in some cases patients stick both seizures and side effects. When this occurs a young treatment is needed. This can be a switch to a different anti-epileptic drug or a non-medicated treatment (Juan G Ochoa, Selim R Benbadis). If a patient does not have a seizure for two years and shows no sign of epilepsy on an EEG the doctor will slowly begin to ease off the medication. (FAULKNER M. A. (2014))The other option of treatment for patients with epilepsy is the non-pharmaceutical route. Although anti-epileptic drugs have the highest success rate, non-medicated treatment has true inquiry to support it (www.epilepsyontario.org). Brain operating theatre is the most common non-medicated treatment the only issue with brain surgery is that it only works for partial seizures. The reason why is only works on partial seizures is because doctors can locate the specific area of the brain and remove sections of it. On venerable mal seizures both hemispheres are triggered at the same time, in order to batch the epileptic problems doctors would have to remove too much of the brain, the patient would not live (www.epilepsyontario.org). New research always shows diet can be very beneficial his is called the ketogenic diet. Its takes a lot of commitments considering no sweets or treats are allowed and 80 part of the diet must be fatty foods, simply low in carbohydrates. The ketogenic diet has success rates from 30 portion up to 50 percent (www.epilepsyontario.com).Further researchEpilepsy has turn more and more common in the past 20 years. Now that it has become more common scientists all over the world are commence to test for a cure, w eather that is a new class of medicine, gene therapy, or a non-medicated cure. The newest research for curing epilepsy is gene therapy. In 2009 scientist were able to figure out that the gene for epilepsy is located on chromosome 15 also known as 15q13.3. (www. scientific disciplinedaily.com). With this knowledge and the proper technologies scientists can inject a virus containing the normal gene into chromosome where the epileptic mutation is. From there the normal gene will splice into the DNA strand, fixing the abnormal gene. In core epilepsy will be cured from the patient, and when they reproduce they can pass on a normal gene to their children. With this being said we can potentially remove epilepsy from our society. So far scientists have been able to cure rats with epilepsy using gene therapy, and now they have also been successful in Border Collie dogs. (Keijiro MizukamiAkira Yabukihye-Sook ChangUddin, M.) Another example of further research is new drug classes for epilepsy that are advancing each year. A good example of this is family line 2013 a new epileptic drug called Perampanel was released in United States. This new drug showed up to 35 percent more responsive outcomes than any other drug on the market. (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The only factor that is holding science back from curing epilepsy is funding. There is not enough funding button into epilepsy research. With the proper amount of Government funding or public donations epilepsy would be cured within the matter of five years from now.Physiological Issues with Epileptic patientsEpilepsy does not affect the patient only physically, but also mentally and emotionally. Patients who suffer from epilepsy also have to deal with low self-confidence. Low self-esteem and epilepsy go hand and hand because patients with epilepsy are afraid of going out in public, or even doing the normal day to day things because the survey of having a seizure in public. (Ogden, 2005) It is extremely embarrassing f or a patient suffering from epilepsy to have a seizure in front of their friends, family, or even st tramprs. Another emotional barrier that is part of suffering from epilepsy is the aspect of never acquire a drivers license. Not getting a drivers license makes everything in a normal adult life difficult. From getting to work, or getting groceries, or any sort of transportation. In some cases epilepsy makes the patient one hundred percent dependent on other people.ConclusionLife with epilepsy makes any day to day task more difficult. Epilepsy has impacted millions of people in a negative manner but further research is getting end to a cure, by using gene therapy research, and finding new classes of medicine. With the proper funding from the government epileptic medicine will continue to turn and be redefined. The research going into epilepsy is constantly growing, at this rate epilepsy will have a definite cure within the next decade, and using gene therapy epilepsy will also be removed from our society all together, allowing everyone to live epileptic free.Resourceshttp//www.behindthename.com/names/usage/greek-mythologyhttp//epilepsy.com/learn/epilepsy-101/what-epilepsyOgden, 2005http//www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/what-epilepsy.UzXDJPnIZ5Vhttp//www.professinals.epilepsy.com/page/after_ab_poshttp//www.epilepsyfoundation.org/aboutepilepsyhttp//cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Epilepsy-Program/Diagnosing-Epilepsy/http//www.modernmedicine.com/modern-medicine/ intelligence/neurological-assessment-refresherhttp//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=11sid=467a451f-9d21-4962-a627-675ecbe6d893%40sessionmgr4004hid=4204bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aqhAN=94116054http//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3sid=867d5b74-4a00-46de-86e1-686c17975c83%40sessionmgr4003hid=4112bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aqhAN=85968889Figure 2 http//www.webmd.com/epilepsy/seizure-mrihttp//www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures http//www.hopkinsmedicine.orghttp// nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000695http//epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/absense-seizureshttp//mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/ bedrock/definition/con-20021252http//www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/myoclonic-seizures http//www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/specialty_areas/epilepsy/seizures/types/myoclinc-seizures.htmlhttp//emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183962-overviewhttp//emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183853-overviewhttp//web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4sid=e018e8f4-ed9b-4c77-929f-f00e8685f286%40sessionmgr115hid=103bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=khhAN=39005165 (EBSCO 3)http//www.webmd.com/epilepsy/aura-and-seizureshttp//www.webmd.com/epilepsy/aura-and-seizures William H. Blahd, Jrhttp//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/emailprotectedgr4005vid=5ui=16088672id=59600950parentui=59600950tag=ANdb=aqh Image 3http//www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187334-overview Juan G Ochoa, Selim R Benbadishttp//epilepsyontario.org/non-pharm aceutical-treatments/http//web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4sid=b0940d9f-1c3e-465e-af24-23be73f63bc7%40sessionmgr110hid=122bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aqhAN=15877590 http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090114075919.htmhttp//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3sid=d6e55ff9-b6e5-4a6d-ab81-7e59cc92f267%40sessionmgr4001hid=4209bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aqhAN=95333447Overview of EpilepsyOverview of EpilepsyTASK 3REPORT ON EPILEPSYEpilepsy is a neurological disorder marked by sudden episodes of bodily disturbance, loss of consciousness, or seizures, connect to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.Anything that injuries the brain can result in epilepsy. few of the common causes are head injuries and strokes. Other more infrequent causes are brain tumours and some genetic disorders like genus Tuber sclerosis.A seizure is the only observable symptom of epilepsy. There are various types of seizures and symptoms of each type. Seizures typically last fr om a few seconds to a few minutes. A person may lose awareness. They may not recall what occurred during the seizure or may not even crap they had a seizure.Seizures that make you fall to the ground or make the muscles stiffen or move out of control are easy to recognise. Some seizures dexterity make you gaze into space for a few seconds. Others may only involve a few muscle jerks, a turn of the head, or an odd smell.Epileptic seizures often happen without notice. A seizure ends when the abnormal electrical activity in the brain stops and brain activity begins to return to normal.idiopathic Generalised EpilepsyIn idiopathic utter epilepsy, there is often a genetic history of epilepsy. Idiopathic speak epilepsy have a tendency to appear during childhood although it may not be diagnosed until maturity. In this type of epilepsy, no nervous system condition, other than the seizures, can be identified on either an EEG (EEG a test which measures electrical impulses in the brain) or M RI (imaging studies).People with idiopathic speak epilepsy have ordinary brainpower and the outcomes of the neurological exam and MRI are usually normal. The results of the EEG test may show epileptic releases affecting one or more areas.The types of seizures that affect patients with idiopathic generalised epilepsyMyoclonic seizures (unexpected and very short length of jerking)Absence seizures (staring spells)Generalised tonic-clonic seizures (affect the entire brain)Idiopathic Partial EpilepsyIdiopathic partial epilepsy begins in youth (between ages 5 and 8) and may be part of a family history. It is considered one of the mildest types of epilepsy. It is almost always outgrown by puberty and is never diagnosed in adults.Seizures tend to arise during sleep and are most often partial motor seizures that involve the face. This type of epilepsy is usually identified with an EEG.Symptomatic Generalised EpilepsySymptomatic generalised epilepsy is caused by brain damage. For example, in jury during stimulate is the most common cause of symptomatic generalised epilepsy. When the cause of symptomatic general epilepsy cannot be identified, the disorder may be referred to as cryptogenic epilepsy.Symptomatic Partial EpilepsySymptomatic partial epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy that begins in maturity, but it does occur often in children. This type of epilepsy is caused by a local condition of the brain, which can consequence from strokes, tumours, trauma, birth brain condition, scarring of brain tissue, cysts, or infections.These brain conditions can be seen on MRI scans, but often they cannot be recognised, because they are microscopic.Symptomatic partial epilepsy may be successfully treated with surgery.Identify and watch for a specific behaviour or physical and emotional signs that come before attacks. Its not exceptional, to feel annoyed or joyful several hours precedent to the seizure, and immediately before the attack.The person may become conscious o f a warning aura perhaps a taste or a smell. This notice may let the person to lie down in time to avoid falling down. In situations where the aura is a smell, some people are capable of fighting off seizures by olfactory sensation a strong odour, such as garlic or roses. When the jump signs include depression, irritability, or a headache, an extra dosage of medication may serve well prevent an attack.Electroencephalogram (EEG)An EEG test measures the electrical activity of your brain through electrodes placed on your scalp. During the test, a person might be asked to breathe deeply or to close their eyes, as these activities could ruin unfamiliar brain activity related to epilepsy.A person might also be asked to gaze at a split second light, but the test will be stopped immediately if it seems like the flashing light could cause a seizure.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) inspectAn MRI scan can often spot possible causes of epilepsy, such as faults in the structure of your bra in or the existence of a brain tumour.At the moment there is no remedy for epilepsy.anti Epileptic Drug (AED)Anti Epileptic Drugs are commonly the first choice of treatment. They work by changing the levels of chemicals in your brain. This reduces the chances of seizures. Around 70% control their seizures with AED.Vagus Nerve stimulus (VNS)Vagus Nerve Stimulation is a therapy that is recommended when the Anti-Epileptic Drug dont work and epilepsy is still poorly controlled. This involves surgically implanting an electrical device, like a pacemaker, under the skin, near the collarbone. The electrical device has a lead that is bound around one of the nerves on the leftover side of your neck, identified as the vagus nerve. The electrical device passes a regular amount of electricity to the nerve to stimulate it. This can help to reduce the occurrence of seizures.Surgical procedureSurgery will only be suggested if a single area of one side of the brain is causing seizures. As with a ll types of surgery, this surgical procedure carries a threat. single person in 100 has a stroke after surgery and five in 100 suffer from memory problems. Yet, around 70% of people who suffer from epilepsy, after the surgical procedure they become short free of seizures.Epilepsy Ireland was established in 1966 by a group of people who were eager to progress the quality of life of people with epilepsy in Ireland.Over 50 years, Epilepsy Ireland have grown and expanded. They now provide a range of services from their head office in Dublin and from regional offices in Cork, Dundalk, Galway, Kerry, Kilkenny, Letterkenny, Limerick, Sligo and Tullamore.Epilepsy Ireland is committed to working and consulting the needs of everyone with epilepsy in Ireland and their families.Certain objectives of Epilepsy Ireland are to be committed to working and considering the needs of everyone with epilepsy in Ireland. To provide support, information and advice on health to people who are dealing with epilepsy. To undertake any awareness campaigns to improve peoples understanding of epilepsy, also to increase funds to support its work in an awareness-creating method. One of their main objective is to assume, inspire and support research into the source of epilepsy and a cure for it.Many people with epilepsy live mensuration lives. Progressive brain scans and other procedures allow greater accurateness in diagnosing epilepsy and defining when a patient may be aided by surgery. More than 20 different medications and a diversity of surgical methods are now available and offer good control of seizures for most people with epilepsy. Other treatment selections include the ketogenic diet and the vagus nerve stimulator. search on the fundamental causes of epilepsy, include the recognition of genes for some types of epilepsy and seizures, it has managed a great improvement of understanding about epilepsy that may lead to more effective treatments or even some new ways of preventing epil epsy in the future. whole kit citedhttp//www.epilepsy.ie/index.cfm/spKey/info.what_is_epilepsy.what_causes_epilepsy_.htmlhttp//www.webmd.com/epilepsy/tc/epilepsy-symptomshttp//www.webmd.boots.com/a-to-z-guides/epilepsy-basics?page=2http//www.hse.ie/eng/health/az/E/Epilepsy/http//www.epilepsy.ie/index.cfm/spKey/about.html