Overview of Epilepsy

everywhereview of EpilepsyEpilepsyT satisfactory of ContentsIntroduction . Page 1What is epilepsy? . Page 2Diagnosis Page 2-4Types of Seizures . Page 5-9Types of Treatments . Pages 9-10Further explore Pages 11-12Physiological issues with Epilepsy .. Page 12Conclusion .. Pages 12-13References .. Pages 14-15IntroductionEpilepsy is a neurological incommode that targets 1 in 100 wad in northbound America. Epilepsy is one of in truth more or less diseases with kayoed a definite be cured _or_ healed. In item scientists to this twenty-four hours brooknot blueprint out what triggers these raptuss. This is quite amazing con casering the modern technologies music uses today. Throughout my paper I leave behind explain what epilepsy is and what happens during an epileptic capture, I will cover the different categories of transports, how doctors diagnose epilepsy, and different causas of treatment to religious service the long-sufferings with epilepsy.What is epilepsy?Epilep sy is a neurological disorder that attacks the nervous system. An early(a) term for epilepsy is raptus disorder (www.epilepsy.com). To this day the exact factor that triggers an epileptic gaining control is un cognise. In other words epileptic ecstasys argon idiopathic (Ogden, 2005). Seizures f tout ensemble out when as well as m each soul cells get excited at the very(prenominal) time. A seizure is like an galvanic squeeze in your headspring. During this galvanic storm your mentality kindlenot perform its usual tasks, create sudden changes in behaviour, sensations, movement, and sentiency (www.epilepsysociety.org.uk). A typical seizure unremarkably ultimately between a few reciprocal ohms, to a few minutes. Once the seizure is finished the dupe enters a post-ictal period. (The greek word post meaning after, and the Hellenic drub ictal meaning seizure http//www.behindthename.com). During this post-ictal period, which can conk out from seconds to hours, the ence phalon begins recovering, and the victims aw arness will gradually increase. It is super acid to hold confusion and drowsiness during this material luggage compartment.DiagnosisEpilepsy is the conditions of having spontaneous seizures. This means having one seizure is not enough to be diagnosed with epilepsy, at that place must be both or more(prenominal). To be considered an epileptic seizure the seizure must occur spontaneously, without a direct factor (www.epilepsy.com). Doctors use third principal(prenominal) ship canal to diagnose epilepsy.Neurological History Doctors must be given particular(prenominal) description of previous seizures in the past. Such as how long they lasted, what were you doing when the seizure occurred, what was your containencys behaviour/feeling out front the seizure took place, and your bodys behaviour after the seizure ended (www.modernmedicine.com) People who gestate from having seizures do not remember what happens while a seizure ta kes place. That being said a description from a witness to your seizures could be very beneficial (www.epilepsyfoundation.org).Electroencephalograph An electroencephalograph or an EEG is the just about common tool employ to diagnose epilepsy. An EEG measuresthe galvanizing signals come backed from one neuronto another indoors the wizard(www.epilepsyfoundation.org) ( see image 1).To measure these electrical signals doctorsattach wires, known as electrodes, on thepatients scalp (www.chp.edu). During an EEGno electricity is taken from the patients hotshot,and no electricity is injected into the patients psyche. The EEG simply measures the electrical current travelling through the patients brain.Magnetic plangency Imaging a magnetic resonance imaging or magnetic resonance imaging is a procedure used to create circumstanceed images of the damaged sports stadium of your body. When examine epilepsy an magnetic resonance imaging can show damaged regions of your frontal lobe. (see figure 2) Wu XingXiaovi WangFangfang Xie Weihua, L. (2013) An magnetic resonance imaging is done by utilise a large region of radio waves. An MRI is much more sound than an EEG, the neuron images created from an MRI shows exactly where the damaged area of the brain is (Robert F. LaPrade) From there procedures can make to repair or remove the damaged section of the frontal lobe that is causing epileptic seizures.Types of epileptic SeizuresEpileptic seizures are a very long term. When diagnosing the casing of epileptic seizures doctors categorize in deuce main categories uncomplete seizures, and primary extrapolate seizures. Within these two main categories there are more specific character references of seizures (Stephen C. Schachter).The setoff category is primary constituentralized seizures. When a primary generalized seizure takes place both sides of the brain are affected at once, with a large amount of electrical discharge at the same time. The body is then acco mpanied by sudden movements, loss of sensation, or loss of consciousness. There are three types of primary generalized seizuresClonic seizure (Grand Mal) This type of seizure that most population visualize when they hear the word seizure. When a clonic seizure takes place the victim will constrain and lose consciousness. This is the refreshed phase. The tonic phase usually lasts from thirty seconds, to a equal minutes (www.hopkinsmedicine.org). Next the bodys muscles then start to extort and back will begin to arch, and elbows and legs will start the flex. The last phase of the clonic seizure is jerking. The victim will lose all defy of their body and will begin to jerk uncontrollably, this phase usually lasts nigh two or three minutes (www.nlm.nih.gov).Absence seizures (Petit Mal) Absence seizures disjuncture the victim from the world for a librate of a few seconds. This type of seizure is triggered from ab common use in the brain. Absence seizures occur loosely in chi ldren (www.epilepsy.com). There are two types of absence seizure seizure Simple absence seizures, and Complex absence seizures.Simple Absence seizure Usually last ten seconds or less. During these ten seconds the person zones out or stares kill into the distance. This type of seizure is very difficult to diagnose (www. whitethornoclinic.org).Complex absence seizures Usually lasts twenty seconds or less. During this time period then victim will zone out still will as well be doing some sort of movement, such(prenominal) as chewing, blinking, hand motions, or draw their fingers. (www.epilepsy.com).Myoclonic seizures A myoclonic seizure is very brief, all lasting a matter of seconds. During this few seconds both sides of your body has sudden jerks at exactly the same time. During a myoclonic seizure the patient does not lose consciousness and does not throw glowering some(prenominal) repositing loss (Orrin Devinsky, 7/2013). A myoclonic seizure can be compared to being in contact with a bingle jolt of electricity, sudden hiccups, or the jolt of waking up from intermission state very quickly (www.hopkinsmedicine.org) (Orrin Devinsky, 7/2013). Like absence seizures, myoclonic seizures are hard to diagnose and usually over looked because the seizures are so brief.The second category is partial seizures. When partial seizure takes place there is a large amount of electrical discharge in a true area of the brain (Mary Ellen Ellis, July 25, 2012). Since only a specific location of the brain is effected, only a specific location of the body will be effected, depending on the location of the seizure in the brain. There are two types of partial seizures Complex partial seizures, and simple partial seizures.Simple partial seizures A typical simple partial seizure usually last between 30 seconds to two minutes (emedicine.medscape.com). When a patient has a simple partial seizure they are fully awake, alert, and able to move with peers around them. The pat ient not bad(p) power lose one of their senses temporarily, be otiose to move one of their fingers, or even stiffen one of their body parts (www.epilepsy.com). For the seizure to be considered a simple partial seizure memory, awareness, and consciousness must be preserved.Complex partial seizure corresponding to simple partial seizures, a hard partial seizure typically last between 30 seconds and two minutes (emedicine.medscape.com). During a complex partial seizure there are symptoms known as automatisms. Automatisms consist of lip-smacking, chewing, walking or pacing back and forth, swallowing, patting or fumbling (emedicine.medscape.com). A main difference between the two types of partial seizures is consciousness, awareness, or memory is impaired.Unlike primary generalized seizures, partial seizures usually have a prototype sign to inform the patient a seizure is near. This warning sign is called an aura (Columbia University, P. (2013)). An aura usually takes place a few seconds, or a few minutes before the seizure occurs. glorioles can come in many different ways, such as numbness, headaches, being light-headed, upset stomach, dizziness, the sensation of fear, forced thinking, ab general sensations, or unusual tingle in a certain area of your body. When an epileptic patient senses one or more of these symptoms there is high chance a partial seizure will be soon to conjoin (William H. Blahd, Jr, August 25, 2011).Types of Epileptic TreatmentThe most common type of epileptic treatment is anti-epileptic do drugss or AEGs. With over twenty different choices seventy part of epileptic patients choose anti-epileptic drugs. Although these medications to not cure epilepsy, it only suppresses the seizures (see figure 3, puzzle out up on the top of the next page) (www.webmd.com). The way this medication works is by lowering the amount of electricity each neuron passes in the brain. This type of treatment is very useful in cases of generalized seizures. T he only bulge out fall from using anti-epileptic drugs is the side effects and because the medication acts on the brain and the body there is numerous side effects. The main four side effects are headaches, balancing anesthetises, more difficult to focus your eyes, and trouble thinking fitly. This medication is not guaranteed to work in some cases patients stick both seizures and side effects. When this occurs a young treatment is needed. This can be a switch to a different anti-epileptic drug or a non-medicated treatment (Juan G Ochoa, Selim R Benbadis). If a patient does not have a seizure for two years and shows no sign of epilepsy on an EEG the doctor will slowly begin to ease off the medication. (FAULKNER M. A. (2014))The other option of treatment for patients with epilepsy is the non-pharmaceutical route. Although anti-epileptic drugs have the highest success rate, non-medicated treatment has true inquiry to support it (www.epilepsyontario.org). Brain operating theatre is the most common non-medicated treatment the only issue with brain surgery is that it only works for partial seizures. The reason why is only works on partial seizures is because doctors can locate the specific area of the brain and remove sections of it. On venerable mal seizures both hemispheres are triggered at the same time, in order to batch the epileptic problems doctors would have to remove too much of the brain, the patient would not live (www.epilepsyontario.org). New research always shows diet can be very beneficial his is called the ketogenic diet. Its takes a lot of commitments considering no sweets or treats are allowed and 80 part of the diet must be fatty foods, simply low in carbohydrates. The ketogenic diet has success rates from 30 portion up to 50 percent (www.epilepsyontario.com).Further researchEpilepsy has turn more and more common in the past 20 years. Now that it has become more common scientists all over the world are commence to test for a cure, w eather that is a new class of medicine, gene therapy, or a non-medicated cure. The newest research for curing epilepsy is gene therapy. In 2009 scientist were able to figure out that the gene for epilepsy is located on chromosome 15 also known as 15q13.3. (www. scientific disciplinedaily.com). With this knowledge and the proper technologies scientists can inject a virus containing the normal gene into chromosome where the epileptic mutation is. From there the normal gene will splice into the DNA strand, fixing the abnormal gene. In core epilepsy will be cured from the patient, and when they reproduce they can pass on a normal gene to their children. With this being said we can potentially remove epilepsy from our society. So far scientists have been able to cure rats with epilepsy using gene therapy, and now they have also been successful in Border Collie dogs. (Keijiro MizukamiAkira Yabukihye-Sook ChangUddin, M.) Another example of further research is new drug classes for epilepsy that are advancing each year. A good example of this is family line 2013 a new epileptic drug called Perampanel was released in United States. This new drug showed up to 35 percent more responsive outcomes than any other drug on the market. (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov). The only factor that is holding science back from curing epilepsy is funding. There is not enough funding button into epilepsy research. With the proper amount of Government funding or public donations epilepsy would be cured within the matter of five years from now.Physiological Issues with Epileptic patientsEpilepsy does not affect the patient only physically, but also mentally and emotionally. Patients who suffer from epilepsy also have to deal with low self-confidence. Low self-esteem and epilepsy go hand and hand because patients with epilepsy are afraid of going out in public, or even doing the normal day to day things because the survey of having a seizure in public. (Ogden, 2005) It is extremely embarrassing f or a patient suffering from epilepsy to have a seizure in front of their friends, family, or even st tramprs. Another emotional barrier that is part of suffering from epilepsy is the aspect of never acquire a drivers license. Not getting a drivers license makes everything in a normal adult life difficult. From getting to work, or getting groceries, or any sort of transportation. In some cases epilepsy makes the patient one hundred percent dependent on other people.ConclusionLife with epilepsy makes any day to day task more difficult. Epilepsy has impacted millions of people in a negative manner but further research is getting end to a cure, by using gene therapy research, and finding new classes of medicine. With the proper funding from the government epileptic medicine will continue to turn and be redefined. The research going into epilepsy is constantly growing, at this rate epilepsy will have a definite cure within the next decade, and using gene therapy epilepsy will also be removed from our society all together, allowing everyone to live epileptic free.Resourceshttp//www.behindthename.com/names/usage/greek-mythologyhttp//epilepsy.com/learn/epilepsy-101/what-epilepsyOgden, 2005http//www.epilepsysociety.org.uk/what-epilepsy.UzXDJPnIZ5Vhttp//www.professinals.epilepsy.com/page/after_ab_poshttp//www.epilepsyfoundation.org/aboutepilepsyhttp//cedars-sinai.edu/Patients/Programs-and-Services/Epilepsy-Program/Diagnosing-Epilepsy/http//www.modernmedicine.com/modern-medicine/ intelligence/neurological-assessment-refresherhttp//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=11sid=467a451f-9d21-4962-a627-675ecbe6d893%40sessionmgr4004hid=4204bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aqhAN=94116054http//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3sid=867d5b74-4a00-46de-86e1-686c17975c83%40sessionmgr4003hid=4112bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aqhAN=85968889Figure 2 http//www.webmd.com/epilepsy/seizure-mrihttp//www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures http//www.hopkinsmedicine.orghttp// nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000695http//epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/absense-seizureshttp//mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/petit-mal-seizure/ bedrock/definition/con-20021252http//www.epilepsy.com/learn/types-seizures/myoclonic-seizures http//www.hopkinsmedicine.org/neurology_neurosurgery/specialty_areas/epilepsy/seizures/types/myoclinc-seizures.htmlhttp//emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183962-overviewhttp//emedicine.medscape.com/article/1183853-overviewhttp//web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4sid=e018e8f4-ed9b-4c77-929f-f00e8685f286%40sessionmgr115hid=103bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=khhAN=39005165 (EBSCO 3)http//www.webmd.com/epilepsy/aura-and-seizureshttp//www.webmd.com/epilepsy/aura-and-seizures William H. Blahd, Jrhttp//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/emailprotectedgr4005vid=5ui=16088672id=59600950parentui=59600950tag=ANdb=aqh Image 3http//www.emedicine.medscape.com/article/1187334-overview Juan G Ochoa, Selim R Benbadishttp//epilepsyontario.org/non-pharm aceutical-treatments/http//web.b.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=4sid=b0940d9f-1c3e-465e-af24-23be73f63bc7%40sessionmgr110hid=122bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aqhAN=15877590 http//www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2009/01/090114075919.htmhttp//web.a.ebscohost.com/ehost/detail?vid=3sid=d6e55ff9-b6e5-4a6d-ab81-7e59cc92f267%40sessionmgr4001hid=4209bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3ddb=aqhAN=95333447Overview of EpilepsyOverview of EpilepsyTASK 3REPORT ON EPILEPSYEpilepsy is a neurological disorder marked by sudden episodes of bodily disturbance, loss of consciousness, or seizures, connect to abnormal electrical activity in the brain.Anything that injuries the brain can result in epilepsy. few of the common causes are head injuries and strokes. Other more infrequent causes are brain tumours and some genetic disorders like genus Tuber sclerosis.A seizure is the only observable symptom of epilepsy. There are various types of seizures and symptoms of each type. Seizures typically last fr om a few seconds to a few minutes. A person may lose awareness. They may not recall what occurred during the seizure or may not even crap they had a seizure.Seizures that make you fall to the ground or make the muscles stiffen or move out of control are easy to recognise. Some seizures dexterity make you gaze into space for a few seconds. Others may only involve a few muscle jerks, a turn of the head, or an odd smell.Epileptic seizures often happen without notice. A seizure ends when the abnormal electrical activity in the brain stops and brain activity begins to return to normal.idiopathic Generalised EpilepsyIn idiopathic utter epilepsy, there is often a genetic history of epilepsy. Idiopathic speak epilepsy have a tendency to appear during childhood although it may not be diagnosed until maturity. In this type of epilepsy, no nervous system condition, other than the seizures, can be identified on either an EEG (EEG a test which measures electrical impulses in the brain) or M RI (imaging studies).People with idiopathic speak epilepsy have ordinary brainpower and the outcomes of the neurological exam and MRI are usually normal. The results of the EEG test may show epileptic releases affecting one or more areas.The types of seizures that affect patients with idiopathic generalised epilepsyMyoclonic seizures (unexpected and very short length of jerking)Absence seizures (staring spells)Generalised tonic-clonic seizures (affect the entire brain)Idiopathic Partial EpilepsyIdiopathic partial epilepsy begins in youth (between ages 5 and 8) and may be part of a family history. It is considered one of the mildest types of epilepsy. It is almost always outgrown by puberty and is never diagnosed in adults.Seizures tend to arise during sleep and are most often partial motor seizures that involve the face. This type of epilepsy is usually identified with an EEG.Symptomatic Generalised EpilepsySymptomatic generalised epilepsy is caused by brain damage. For example, in jury during stimulate is the most common cause of symptomatic generalised epilepsy. When the cause of symptomatic general epilepsy cannot be identified, the disorder may be referred to as cryptogenic epilepsy.Symptomatic Partial EpilepsySymptomatic partial epilepsy is the most common type of epilepsy that begins in maturity, but it does occur often in children. This type of epilepsy is caused by a local condition of the brain, which can consequence from strokes, tumours, trauma, birth brain condition, scarring of brain tissue, cysts, or infections.These brain conditions can be seen on MRI scans, but often they cannot be recognised, because they are microscopic.Symptomatic partial epilepsy may be successfully treated with surgery.Identify and watch for a specific behaviour or physical and emotional signs that come before attacks. Its not exceptional, to feel annoyed or joyful several hours precedent to the seizure, and immediately before the attack.The person may become conscious o f a warning aura perhaps a taste or a smell. This notice may let the person to lie down in time to avoid falling down. In situations where the aura is a smell, some people are capable of fighting off seizures by olfactory sensation a strong odour, such as garlic or roses. When the jump signs include depression, irritability, or a headache, an extra dosage of medication may serve well prevent an attack.Electroencephalogram (EEG)An EEG test measures the electrical activity of your brain through electrodes placed on your scalp. During the test, a person might be asked to breathe deeply or to close their eyes, as these activities could ruin unfamiliar brain activity related to epilepsy.A person might also be asked to gaze at a split second light, but the test will be stopped immediately if it seems like the flashing light could cause a seizure.Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) inspectAn MRI scan can often spot possible causes of epilepsy, such as faults in the structure of your bra in or the existence of a brain tumour.At the moment there is no remedy for epilepsy.anti Epileptic Drug (AED)Anti Epileptic Drugs are commonly the first choice of treatment. They work by changing the levels of chemicals in your brain. This reduces the chances of seizures. Around 70% control their seizures with AED.Vagus Nerve stimulus (VNS)Vagus Nerve Stimulation is a therapy that is recommended when the Anti-Epileptic Drug dont work and epilepsy is still poorly controlled. This involves surgically implanting an electrical device, like a pacemaker, under the skin, near the collarbone. The electrical device has a lead that is bound around one of the nerves on the leftover side of your neck, identified as the vagus nerve. The electrical device passes a regular amount of electricity to the nerve to stimulate it. This can help to reduce the occurrence of seizures.Surgical procedureSurgery will only be suggested if a single area of one side of the brain is causing seizures. As with a ll types of surgery, this surgical procedure carries a threat. single person in 100 has a stroke after surgery and five in 100 suffer from memory problems. Yet, around 70% of people who suffer from epilepsy, after the surgical procedure they become short free of seizures.Epilepsy Ireland was established in 1966 by a group of people who were eager to progress the quality of life of people with epilepsy in Ireland.Over 50 years, Epilepsy Ireland have grown and expanded. They now provide a range of services from their head office in Dublin and from regional offices in Cork, Dundalk, Galway, Kerry, Kilkenny, Letterkenny, Limerick, Sligo and Tullamore.Epilepsy Ireland is committed to working and consulting the needs of everyone with epilepsy in Ireland and their families.Certain objectives of Epilepsy Ireland are to be committed to working and considering the needs of everyone with epilepsy in Ireland. To provide support, information and advice on health to people who are dealing with epilepsy. To undertake any awareness campaigns to improve peoples understanding of epilepsy, also to increase funds to support its work in an awareness-creating method. One of their main objective is to assume, inspire and support research into the source of epilepsy and a cure for it.Many people with epilepsy live mensuration lives. Progressive brain scans and other procedures allow greater accurateness in diagnosing epilepsy and defining when a patient may be aided by surgery. More than 20 different medications and a diversity of surgical methods are now available and offer good control of seizures for most people with epilepsy. Other treatment selections include the ketogenic diet and the vagus nerve stimulator. search on the fundamental causes of epilepsy, include the recognition of genes for some types of epilepsy and seizures, it has managed a great improvement of understanding about epilepsy that may lead to more effective treatments or even some new ways of preventing epil epsy in the future. whole kit citedhttp//www.epilepsy.ie/index.cfm/spKey/info.what_is_epilepsy.what_causes_epilepsy_.htmlhttp//www.webmd.com/epilepsy/tc/epilepsy-symptomshttp//www.webmd.boots.com/a-to-z-guides/epilepsy-basics?page=2http//www.hse.ie/eng/health/az/E/Epilepsy/http//www.epilepsy.ie/index.cfm/spKey/about.html